Chitosan nanoparticles as a promising candidate for liver injury induced by 2-nitropropane: implications of P53, iNOS, VEGF, PCNA, and CD68 pathways.

The current article was designed to assess the role of chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) in the management of hepatic injury induced by the hepatocarcinogen 2-nitropropane (2-NP). Rats were divided into three groups. The first group served as a control, the second group was injected with 2-NP, while the third group was treated with CNPs 1h before 2-NP injection every other day for 4 weeks. The 2-NP injection upregulated serum AST and ALT activities, as well as hepatic TNF-α, IL-6, and MDA levels and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and caspase-3, whereas GSH contents and SOD activity were decreased. Immunohistochemistry investigations revealed that the hepatic protein expression of collagen I, inducible nitric oxide synthetase, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cluster of differentiation, and p53 were upregulated. Hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) and Masson's trichrome stains supported the previous parameters, and CNPs ameliorated most of the previous biochemical parameters. CNPs...