Development of biscuits supplemented with papaya seed and peel: effects on physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds, in vitro absorption capacities and starch digestibility.

In this study, wheat biscuits were prepared by supplementing with papaya seed (PS) and papaya peel (PP) in range of 2 to 10%. As compared to control (un-supplemented) samples, PS and PP-supplemented biscuits were analyzed for their physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activities, in vitro absorption capacities, starch digestibility and sensory attributes. As compared to PS, PP had lower energy value, higher bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity along with better in vitro adsorption capacities. Overall, PS and PP addition from 2 to 10% significantly improved nutritional components, polyphenol compounds, antioxidant activities, and caused marked rises in NO₂^- ion, cholesterol and bile acid absorption capacities of supplemented biscuits. Moreover, PS and PP-addition showed significant concentration-dependent decreases in glucose release response during various in vitro starch digestion intervals. Based on sensory characteristics, biscuits supplemented up to 4% PS and PP showed excellent overall acceptability, however, in comparison with PS, 4%...